Western Civ : 2014

Thursday, May 29, 2014

5/28/14 Class

Today we took a test on the medevil times. That was pretty interesting, although i don't think i did very well at all. After the test we turned in our west-civ books. That was about all that happened in this class because we only had a short amount of time because of the 2 hour late bell.

Tuesday, May 27, 2014

Class test review 5/27/14 ( Charlemagne )

TEST REVIEW

Middle ages = me-devil period
AD 476 - AD 1453
beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church

overrun the western half of the Roman empire
causing:
disruption of trade
downfall of cities
population shifts to rural areas

Effects of invasion

decline of learning
tribes had oral tradition, songs, but couldn't read Greek or Latin
few besides priests were literate
romance languages evolve

Germanic kingdoms emerge

Germanic warriors loyalty is to the lord of the manor he provides them w/ food, weapons, treasure
No orderly government
Small communities rule
In 496 he has the battlefield conversion - he and 3000 of his warriors become Christians
By the 511 the Franks are united into one kingdom, with Clovis and the Church working as the partners.

Spread of Christianity

Church + Frankish rulers = rise in Christianity
In 520, Benedict writes rules for monks
His sister scholastic writes similar rules for nuns

Pope Gregory and papal power play

Theocracy- Church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies
Hammer defeats Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732

How do you follow the hammer?

Charles Martel's son is Pepin the Short

Luis' three sons - lothair, Charles the bald & and Louis the German - split up the kingdom at the traty of VERDUN in 843 AD

Monday, May 19, 2014

Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne

Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne

Main idea!
many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire

Why it matters now!
Charlemagne spread christian civilization throughout northern Europe, which is where many of us came from

Setting the stage

middle ages = medieval period
500- 1500 AD
medieval Europe is fragmented

A. Invasions trigger changes in western Europe

1. Invasions and constant warfare spark new trends

a. Distribution of trade

i. Europe's cities are no longer economic

ii. Money is scarce

b. Downfall of cities

i. cities are no longer centers of administration

c. Population shifts

i. nobles retreat to the rural areas

ii. cities don't have strong leadership

2. Decline of learning

a. Germanic invaders are illiterate, but they communicate through oral tradition

b. Only priests and church officials could read and write

c. Knowledge of Greek (and literature, science, philosophy) is almost lost

3. Loss of a common language

a. Dialects develop in different regions

b. By the 800s, French, Spanish, other Roman-based languages are evolving from Latin

B. Germanic kingdoms emerge

1. The concept of government changes

a. Roman society: loyal to public gov't

b. Germanic society

i. Germanic chief led warriors

ii. During peace, he provided food, weapons, treasure, and place to live

iii. During wartime, warriors fought for the lord

c. "The king?" who's that? you want to collect taxes from me? who are you?

d. Franks live in the Roman province of Gaul - their leader is Clovis

2. The franks under Clovis

a. Another battlefield conversion (like Constantine)

b. Clovis and 3000 of his warriors are baptized by the bishop

c. the church approves of this "alliance"

d. Clovis and the church begin to work together

C. Germanic peoples adopt Christianity

1. 511 AD - Clovis unites franks into one kingdom

2. 600 AD - church + Frankish rulers convert many

3. fear of Muslims in southern Europe spur many to become Christians

4. Monasteries and convents

a. 520 AD - Benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries

i. Poverty, chastity, obedience, study

b. his sister Scholastica did the same for nuns in convents

c. 731 AD - the venerable Bede wrote a killer history of England

d. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries and copied books

5. Pope: Gregory I expands papal power

a. Papacy = pope's office

b. Secular power = worldly power

c. So... under Gregory the great

d. the church can use church money to:

raise armies

repair roads

help the poor

e. Gregory the great began to act as mayor or Rome and as head of an earthly kingdom

Friday, May 16, 2014

Middle Ages 5/16/14

Middle Ages

Feudalism: a political, military and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances

In other words: the system is based on personal loyalty to people who can help you
Rich dude (LORD): "i own land, i need people to help me work it and defend it"
Tough dude (VASSALS): "there are a lot of us, we can help the rich dudes hold on to their land"

The Feudal Pyramid

Peasants- landless, powerless, money-less and just working for their lord
knights- mounted warriors who received FIEFS for defending their lord's land
the most powerful VASSALS
(NOBLES AND BISHOPS)
KING

Manors: the Lord's estate house

The Lord's manor house
a church
some workshops
15-30 families
all on a few square miles

Good news! its a self-sufficient community
Bad news... its harsh if your a peasant

Peasants are poor AND pay high taxes

tax on grain
tax on marriage
church tax (tithe = 10% f=of their income)

Tuesday, May 13, 2014

Free Mod Class 5/13/14

Today Mr. Schick gave us a free mod to do all of our other work in different classes so we didnt have to do it all later. It was very nice

Monday, May 12, 2014

Rome Fades Away 5/12/14

2 Emperors

Diocletian

he rules 284-303
it's cool to persecute Christians
Rome needs a big army (400,000 strong)
Rome needs a big government (20,000 officials)

Constantine

rules from 306-337
it's cool to BE a Christian
conversion to Christianity
via a cross in the sky (conquer by this!)

313- his edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
built a new capital in the East
Byzantium, soon to be known as Constantinople

The Edict of Milan - was a declaration issued in 313 by the Emperor Constantine which made all religions legal within the Roman Empire, though it was especially intended to legalize Christianity.

Life in the Fourth Century

county dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection
new farming system: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords
paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back-breaking work

End of Era

from the beginnings..

500 B.C- the monarchy is abolished

45- BC- the 12 tables were established

Through the glory days...

44 BC- end of the line for Julius Caesar

27 BC- 180 AD- Roman Peace (pax romana)

To the bitter end..

constant 5th century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shattered and crumbling

the last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father

barbarians deposed Romulus Ausgustulus without bothering to kill him

Friday, May 9, 2014

Rise of Christianity 5/9/14

Christianity

Jesus spends three years preaching and is killed by roman leaders
His followers believe he has risen from the dead and that he is the messiah
People started believing everywhere by the story of Saul (Paul) by spreading Jesus' message that he was one true God.
Christianity evolves from cult status to established, official structure
Priest, bishops, pope (Bishop of Rome)

Part 2

Christians and Jews were monotheistic (believing in one God)
this conflicted with Roman beliefs
persecution against both was common
Christianity appealed to the poor, and since there were many poor, their numbers grew
as it grew, even some Roman leaders embraced it
Constantine has a battlefield conversion
He issues the edict of Milan
Not only no persecution, but actual approval of Christianity, eventually making it the official religion of Rome
the Roman empire and Christianity are now linked in power and influence

Tuesday, May 6, 2014

Test Review! 5/6/14

Where did the 1st Indo-Europeans settle around 750 BC?

On the shores of the Tiber river, in the low-lying "seven hills" of central Italy. A perfect location.

What three groups of people dominated the culture of early Rome?

Latins (they came first and settled Rome)
Etruscans (came from the East, settled up North)
Greeks (remember

Who was Tarquin the proud?

He was the last of the Roman kings. He was run out of town when his son raped a woman and didn't do anything about it.

How did Rome move from a Monarchy to a Republic?

Ruled by the Etruscans (monarchy) who were advised by rich patricians (the Senate) (aristocracy)
after Tarquin (no more tyranny) the gov. became res republica (the people's business)

What is the difference between a patrician and a plebeian?

Patrician- upper class, landowning, powerful
Plebeian- common people, workers, small- time farmers, some wealthy non patricians.

Define:

Senate- Gov. assembly of 300 patricians appointed for life; first by kings, then consuls.

Consuls- The most powerful people, like a president. 2 senators who led the gov. and military for 1 year terms; could veto each other.

Tribunes- leaders of the plebeian assembly; first rather powerless, gaining ground over the years.

What were the 12 tables?

Marked the 1st time that laws were written down in Rome
Set up to protect plebeians who were getting pushed around by patricians
Publicly displayed in the Forum (450 BC)

The roman republic serves as a model for what modern document, and what modern government?

The constitution of the US and its separation of powers:

Senate/assemblies- USSenate/ House of Reps / Consuls/ Dictator - president of the US Senate could act like judges - like our Supreme Court

Describe why only the rich could serve in the Senate.

Members were not paid, but worked their way up from low-ranking magistrates to higher ones.
They needed to spend a lot to look good, popular, and powerful, making them electable
Plebes couldn't afford to do that.

The kings who ruled between 600 and 500 BC ordered the building of the Forum, Rom's political center.

Monday, May 5, 2014

Friday, May 2, 2014

Assassination and Another Caesar

Assassination

On March 15 (The Ides of March) 44. B.C. Caesar appeared in the Senate house, unarmed and unguarded , according to the custom, and a crowd of senators struck him with their daggers and killed him.
Caesar's murder did not restore the Republic; instead, his death produced yet another crop of warlords and yet more bouts of civil war. The main contenders were Mark Antony, once a commander under Caesar and now a consul; the leading assassins, Brutus and Cassius; and Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son, the youthful Octavian Caesar.
Then however, they joined forces against Caesar's assassins; formed another triumvirate together with a lesser warlord, Marcus Lepidus; eliminated opponents in a new reign of terror in Rome; and defeated Cassius and Brutus in battle in Greece.
The triumvirs declared that they intended to "restore the Republic", but they also had the Senate proclaim Julius Caesar a "divine being"- not quite like Jupiter, but far above the ordinary mortal. The murdered dictator had become a founding hero, whose memory would inspire all future supreme rulers of Rome.
Octavian pushed Lepidus out of power
Octavian became powerful and defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra in a decisive naval battle.
Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide.
Octavian was now the supreme warlord - the third to rule Rome, and the one who finally managed to turn military dictatorship into legitimate and permanent monarchy.

Rome was the start off to a new pattern of western civilization

The rule of the emperors

Octavian got a new name which was, Augustus.
by arrangement w/ the Senate, Augustus was confirmed as commander in chief of the armed forces, which included civil and military control of all provinces with garrisons.
On his way to surpreme power, he had proscribed and put to death mant opponents in the Senate and replaced them w/ his friends and allies.
The people's assembly's lost what remained of their power to elect magistrates and make laws.
The people trusted Augustus to rule in their interests as they had trusted Caesar before him.
He was worshiped
1st, Augustus brought the system of government appointments under his personal control.
2nd, he showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities.
3rd, the reorganized the army to unsure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers.
4th, he gradually brought about his single most drastic reform.
in this way, Augustus and his successors broke w/ the Roman tradition to citizen-soldiers to create the world's first professional standing army.
Tiberius was Augustus's son (adopted)
passed power down to Tiberius

Wednesday, April 30, 2014

Class Rewards 4/30/14

Today we watched a video that didn't require memorization, or any kind of notes. Apparently we have been a pleasant class lately and so we were rewarded with a video that had nothing to do with learning! YAY! That was pretty exciting.

Tuesday, April 29, 2014

The Roman Empire 4/29/14

The Roman Empire:

Begins the Pax Romana- a period of peace and prosperity
Built roads, adequates
Set up a civil service to take care of roads, the grain supply, even postal service
Augustus dis at age 76 in A.D. 14, and passes power to... Tiberius

From Jesus to Christianity

Jesus was a roman citizen and a practicing Jew
At 30, he began his ministry, preaching to the poor in the empire, and reaching out to outsiders
The governor of the Roman province of Judea, Pontius Pilate, sentences Jesus to death by Crucifixion

The word Spreads About the Risen Jesus

Paul is instrumental about the world about Jesus' life, death, resurrection, and message
he travels far and wide
he writes letters to many of those he spoke to

Monday, April 28, 2014

Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar

Caesar was from an old patrician family that had come down in the world, and he entered the city's politics as a young man determined to regain the fame and power of his ancestors
in the social struggles, he sided with the poorer citizens and used his influence with them to advance his own cause.
in 60 B.C. he began to collaborate with gnaeus pompeius (pompey) an officer promoted by Sulla who had conquered many eastern Mediterranean lands. the 2 allies formed a triumvirate, together with another guy named Marcus Crassus
Rubicon- a river; Julius Caesar had to make a decision there to cross it and conquer the land, or come with a small army and still get fame.
He came with his whole army and invaded Rome to try and take it over
He took over and he became a dictator with a 10-year term and he was involved in all the branches of government
He extended Roman citizenship to parts of Gaul and Spain and appointed citizens from the provinces to the senate.

Wednesday, April 23, 2014

greeks

she was trusted associate of pericles and wrote some speeches- aspasia
he was a war hero and ruturned home after the trojan- odysseus
508bc his spartan allies were drvien from power "peoples revolution"- isagoras
an open place of assembly (dicuss importance) agora
sporting competition- olympics
notion of exellence and virtue; at of living up to ones full potential- arete
he composed iliad and odyssey- Homer
when these less advanced people dominated greece, wrtiting dispeared for 400 years- dorians
he watched from a golden throne as his forces were defeated at the striats of salamis- xerxes
this city-state was the home of democracy and the head of the delian league- athens
he was recalled from exile and asked to build the world's first government of the people a system of gov. we know as demoacracy- cleisthenes
the most beutiful building of time, it was dedicated to a goddess whose 40-ft statue was found within it- parthenon
in a greek tragedy he was the main character who fulfilled a prophecy that he would kill his father- oedipus
this general rose from the ranks of the common people, and took stpes to increase the naval power of Athens- Themistocles
an association of greek city states whose purpose was to remain strong and united against their enemies- delian league
a fast, agile ship that was a weapon- trieme
this hero of ancient greece is the central figure in a story which was the inspiration for modern sporting event the marathon- pheidippides
he commanded the first persian invasion of greece, which ended with his defeat at marathon- darius
their kings dominated greece from 1600 BC to 1200 BC- mycenaenas
these legends decribe greek gods and goddesses and the nature of the world- myths
the greeks used tricky and clever naval stratagy and to win this battle against the persians- salamis
he was prominanet statesman, orator, and general of athens during the golden age, literature and culture- pericles
long narrative poems- epics
these people ruled an empire that streched all the way from egypt and asia minor to india and himilayas- persians
leader of the gods, and the father of goffesss and wisdom- zeus

Day 2 of Presentations

Today I watched my classmates present their Rome projects. All of them did so well too! Some of them even made food which made the presentation all that much better! It was a fun class and i learned a lot more about Rome!

Friday, April 11, 2014

ROMAN TEST TODAY!! 4/11/14

TEST!
Today we took a test on the Romans and their lifestyle and government. I thought the test was pretty easy. There were only 20-some questions on it anyway. We also had a good 15 minutes before the test to study which helped me a lot. The last question of the test was about "Flo-Rida" or "Mr. Schick" I thought that question was pretty easy. That is pretty much what we did all class.

Wednesday, April 9, 2014

Review for Test 4/9/14

Notes and Review for Tomorrow's Test

Roman Legion would have near 5,000 people in it. They were broken up into Cavalry and infantry.
They had smaller groups of 80 which was a century
The 1st Punic war was fought over Sicily. The Romans won this one
The 2nd Punic war was fought over Carthaginians who wanted to just "sack" the Romans. The Romans also won this one too.
If the Romans wouldn't have won, we probably wouldn't be speaking English. It was a huge game changer.
Carthage was located in Northwest Africa
We also criticized Mr. Schick's drawings. The "horse" he had drawn, really did look like an ant-eater. (Maybe he will even add that on the test)

We also went over our projects and what was expected with when they were presented etc.

We have to make sure we write a one page paper

We have to explain what we did, how, why, and how it relates to ancient Roman life.

Come in and give a 5-10 minute presentation

Do NOT read right off your paper!!

THE PROJECT IS WORTH 200 POINTS!
Do your best.

Tuesday, April 8, 2014

Quality class time... 4/8/14

More on the Punic Wars...

Today we watched a couple little videos on the Punic Wars. The little character or whoever who was supposed to be talking sounded really funny! He sounded like he had been sucking in helium for the past few days! It was pretty funny. The video itself was pretty interesting. It had a lot of good information included in it. I learned that the first Punic war was won by the Romans. The Romans went up against elephants! Creatures that were enormous and trained very well to fight. I can't imagine the fear the Romans had when they first saw the elephants! They were probably scared to death. They were considered the "monsters" of the Punic Wars. In which technically they are monsters... This is pretty much what we did all class today.

Monday, April 7, 2014

The Punic Wars 4/7/14

Today I left early at the beginning of class for an orthodontist appointment. I came back in time to read about the Punic Wars. They were waged on land and sea. I only got to read a little bit about the Punic wars because i left early. What i did read was pretty interesting though!

Wednesday, April 2, 2014

Class notes on Rome 4/2/14

Notes on Rome

The Latins were the first people to settle on the shores of the Tiber River
The Mediterranean Sea mean "middle" or "center of the world". This is because people who lived near it had no idea there was more land and other seas on the other side of the world
The Latins drained a swamp so it would dry out and they could build on it (smart idea)
Tarquin was a harsh king and the people wanted to get rid of him. So the people ran him out of town.
When the Romans got rid of Tarquin, they set up a government.
They rolled 3 different governments together and called it a Republic
Republic- part monarchy, part democracy, and aristocracy
The USA is a republic and got the idea from the Romans
Even building with the tall pillars was originally Roman architecture and that's where we got that architecture from

Tuesday, April 1, 2014

Rap in class? 4/1/14

Today in class Mr. Schick was rapping in class! He made a whole song about Rome using a Flo Rida song. It was pretty funny actually. We were all taking videos of it and it was actually educational and covered everything we needed to know about Rome. After that we just sat around discussing with our groups about what we were going to do for the upcoming project. Class was pretty interesting today if you asked me... but it was fun!

Monday, March 31, 2014

Rome 3/31/14

Rome

In Rome, family was very important to them. The Roman community life was kind of seen as a family life on a larger scale. Father-hood was also very important to the Romans. The men were to devote their life to a family and a clan. Clans and families were held together by fathers - in particular by men who had the status of paterfamilias - also known as a "family father" in ancient Rome, who had unlimited power over his household. The Romans revered the power not only in family life but also in the community life of their city-state. One the the Republic's most important deities, besides those worshiped on the Capitol, was Vesta, the goddess of hearth and home. In every household the fire in the hearth was sacred to Vesta and was only put out if the family moved. Motherhood, too, was revered in Rome. A married woman bore the title of matron - "lady mother" title of honor given to a married woman in Rome. The ideal matron demanded from the men of her family

Thursday, March 27, 2014

3/26/14 & 3/27/14

I have been absent the past 2 days

Tuesday, March 25, 2014

Class review #2 3/25/14

Today we watched the second part to the Greece movie in class. I learned some new things today too. We didn't do much other than that. I kinda fell asleep during the video though because it was pretty boring to be honest. Other than that it was a pretty good class.

Monday, March 24, 2014

Test review 3/24/14

Today we listened to lots of different stories while we reviewed. I think the material was covered very well and i understand it better. The Opdepius story was really weird but Mr. Schick made it fun! We all got food today one our break and Mr. Schick tried to steal my "dog biscuits" but i refused to let that happen.

Thursday, March 20, 2014

3/15/14

today we didn't have class because Mr. Schick wasn't there. instead we went to the gym to hangout and work on some other work we had to catch up on in other classes.

Monday, March 17, 2014

Cyber Day Assignment 3/17/14

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Greece?

peninsula b. many islands c. mountainous d. mostly fertile land

Approximately ___________ of Greece is covered by mountains.

2/3 b. 3/4 c. 1/2 d. 1/4

Define the term barbarian as it was originally used in the ancient world.

a. The Greeks first used this term to describe those foreigners that they could not understand, but seemed to be saying "bar bar" when speaking.

b. A group of people that is able to quickly adapt to the new environment in which they arrive despite speaking a foreign tongue.

c. A group of people migrating into a territory where they do not speak the native tongue.

d. A life based upon farming, warfare, and tribal organization.

e. The word came from the Greek "barbaros," which originally meant "Non-Greek."

4. What defines a megalithic structure?

a. Homes that were constructed for people during the Neolithic period

b. Fortifications constructed for people during the Neolithic period

c. Massive rough-cut stones used to construct monuments and tombs

d. Giant dinosaurs whose fossil remains were visible to ancient peoples

e. Evidence of advanced technological tools

5. What does the term tribe refer to?

a. A social and political unit consisting of a group of communities held together by common interests, traditions, and real or mythical ties of kinship

b. A family-based group governed by a hereditary chieftain

c. A clan-based group prior to the advent of city-states in the Greek world

d. A group of warriors, related by blood, who are governed by a king or queen

e. All of these

Tribes were governed by

Warrior kings or queens d. all of these
Chieftains e. none of these
Tribal leaders chosen by warriors

Who were the first European barbarians to make contact with civilization?

Greeks d. Phoenicians
Hittites e. people of Asian Minor
Celts

Which of the following modern-day countries would NOT be considered a member of “Western civilization”?

Greece d. Italy
England e. United States
China

What is the name of the sea located just west of the Greek mainland?

Mediterranean Sea d. Ionian Sea
Aegean Sea e. Chesapeake Bay
Atlantic Ocean

What is the name of the sea located just east of the Greek mainland?

Mediterranean Sea d. Ionian Sea
Aegean Sea e. Chesapeake Bay
Atlantic Ocean

What were the major crops the Aegean people lived on?

Rice, vines, and olives
Potatoes, vines, and olives
Grain, vines, and olives
Onions, wheat, and beer
Corn, wheat, and rice

Which civilization arose on the island of Crete?

Mycenaean d. Persian
Minoan e. Phoenician
Spartan

Which civilization established settlements along the Greek mainland’s southern shore and on some islands?

Mycenaean d. Persian
Minoan e. Phoenician
Spartan

Which civilization built massive walls to protect themselves from attack?

Mycenaean d. Persian
Minoan e. Phoenician
Spartan

A period of Greek history in which the population dropped, ships no longer sailed, and writing fell out of use, is called the

First Persian War d. Dark Ages
Megalithic Destruction e. none of these
Collapse of Crete

Following this time period, the Greeks joined which group as the leading commercial and seafaring nation of the Mediterranean?

Etruscans d. Persians
Egyptians e. Phoenicians
Hittites

In historical writing, the letter “c” might appear before a date, as in “c. 1500 BC.” What does this “c” mean?

around d. all of these
about e. none of these
circa

By 600 BC, Greek city-states dotted the coastlines around the Mediterranean Sea. These were called

colonies d. hoplites
demos e. megaliths
Starbucks

Although they varied in size, ancient Greek city-states most closely resembled what modern-day geographical feature?

cities d. nations
counties e. continents
states

This is a form of government in which a small group of citizens dominated, and the power of the majority was limited in various ways.

democracy c. oligarchy
monarchy d. tyranny

This is a form of government in which decisions were made by the majority of adult male citizens.

democracy c. oligarchy
monarchy d. tyranny

This is a form of government in which a self-proclaimed dictator held power.

democracy c. oligarchy
monarchy d. tyranny

This is a form of government in which power is held by a single ruler, and is often passed along from father to son.

democracy c. oligarchy
monarchy d. tyranny

Spartans used this government system.

democracy c. oligarchy
monarchy d. tyranny

At what age did Spartan males begin their military training?

seven d. eighteen
twelve e. twenty-one
fifteen

What was the wealthiest city-state in the ancient Greek world?

Athens d. Sparta
Thebes e. Argos
Corinth

This was the high fortified citadel and religious center of an ancient Greek town.

Parthenon d. helos
Pantheon e. polites
acropolis

This was the name of the southern peninsula where Sparta was located.

Anatolia d. Stonehenge
Mt. Olympus e. Peloponnesus
Crete

These were massive fighting ships with three banks of oars, used to ram or board enemy ships.

phalanxes d. biremes
hoplites e. triremes
tyrants

This was a heavily armed and armored citizen-soldier of ancient Greece.

phalanx d. bireme
hoplite e. trireme
tyrant

Short answer.

You recall the time period when the Greek population dropped, ships no longer sailed, and writing fell out of use. What years did this period begin and end? The Dark Ages began about 1150 B.C and ended around 800 B.C.

During the time period when writing fell out of use, the poet Homer is said to have told stories of the Trojan War, and of a war hero attempting to return to his home. What are the titles of these two stories? The titles of these two stories are the Iliad and the Odyssey

The word “Mediterranean” originally meant __Center of earth/ Middle of the land.___________________ .

What were prominent and long-established Athenian land-owners called? The prominent and long-established Athenian land-owners were called Aristocrats.